Sustainable Cities A Sustainable City - 760 Words

Sustainable Cities A sustainable city is when harmony is reached between the environment, economy and society. Environmentally, sustainable cities are ecologically friendly by using alternative sources of energy such as solar or wind power. Economically, governments should share a similar decision-making process with institutions and with the public by having a common belief in what should be done by improving sustainability. Sorensen, Marcotullio, and Grant (2004), find that a good decision making process consists of planning and control at the municipal and national political levels which would allow local level functions to become reinforced. Socially, sustainable cities are classless, meaning that there are no social divisions which serve as limits; leading to a more equal society. One of the many ideas would be using mixed housing to remove the class divisions between people. Also, city streets would be walkable, with businesses and services located at close proximity to promote a healthier lifes tyle and serve as an alternative to using cars for transportation. The writers differ in their analysis when examining the approaches to improving sustainability in cities. This section will analyze four important ideas on how cities can become more sustainable. Campbell (1996), argues that it is necessary to focus on three major points, being the environment, economy and society when planning a sustainable city. He constructs a prism which holds each of these features at aShow MoreRelatedSustainable Cities6522 Words   |  27 PagesSustainable Cities – A Focus on Gurgaon By Annet Serena Eric, Jyothish Jacob, Rahul Buddala, Rejith Ravindran, Robin Rajan Great Lakes Institute of Management, Gurgaon TABLE OF CONTENTS A BRIEF HISTORY OF GURGAON ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND HVAC WATER – FOR SUSTAINABLE FUTURE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY EFFICIENT TRANSPORT REFERENCES 2 3 12 18 24 27 1 GURGAON – A BRIEF HISTORY The name of this town emerged on the world map in 1972, when world fame Maruti Industry was set up in GurgaonRead MoreEnvisioning a Sustainable City1014 Words   |  4 Pagesto be fixed after every single time it drove. Our life in Ukraine was very sustainable. We rarely used our car, so there was very little carbon emissions. We didn’t have electricity, so we used candles and oil lamps as our light sources. Overall, our lifestyle was very green in Ukraine, until we moved to Sacramento, CA. 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The hydroelectricRead MoreA Brief Note On Sustainable Cities And Communities Essay1260 Words   |  6 Pages Annette Johnson Committee 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities Honduras Position Paper Part 1 History of sustainability within communities Poverty has become one of the main conflicts of creating international sustainability. About 44 million in total of the extremely poor occupy Latin America, the Caribbean, Eastern Europe and Central Asia. 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Research conducted by Tourism Western Australia identified natural environment as Albany’s number one attraction. As such, environmental tourism is at the heart of all Amazing Albany marketing activities. The City has internally adopted ‘Clean Green and Sustainable’ as a key theme of its strategic plan. Within this theme, City staff have made a commitment to implementing energy efficiency, water management, sustainableRead MoreThe 2015 Arcadis Sustainable Cities Index Report Ranks Frankfurt1074 Words   |  5 PagesThe 2015 Arcadis Sustainable Cities Index report ranks Frankfurt, Germany the #1 most sustainable city in the world. Published by Amsterdam-based Arcadis Design Consultancy, the report states that its purpose is to explore â€Å"the three demands of People, Planet and Profit to develop an indicative ranking of 50 of the world s leading cities.† It features no fewer than seven European cities in this year’s top ten — Frankfurt, London, Copenhagen, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Berlin, and Madrid. By contrastRead MoreInterpretations Of Sustainable Urban Transport Systems Of Different International Cities2318 Words   |  10 PagesInterpretations o f Sustainable Urban Transport systems of different international cities Introduction Sustainable development is the current holy grail of developers planners across the globe. It is a roadmap to attain sustainability in any resource using activity requiring intra-generational inter-generational reproduction, where reserve use living condition of present future human generation is being met without undermining the integrity, stability beauty of natural biotic systemsRead MoreViability Of Pervious Concrete Pavement As A Sustainable Choice For Low Impact Development On Cities2442 Words   |  10 PagesViability of Pervious Concrete Pavement as a sustainable choice for low impact development on cities University of South Florida Civil Engineering and Environmental Department Submitted by Gomanth Pullagura Marco Aurelio Macedo Paz gomanth@mail.usf.edu macedopaz@mail.usf.edu Term Paper for Green Infrastructure for Sustainable Communities Dr. Daniel H. Yeh Tampa, December 10, 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Introduction Background o Pervious Concrete Concepts oRead MoreThe Paris Climate Change And Investment Towards A Low Carbon Economy, Sustainable Cities And Clean Energy784 Words   |  4 PagesAn historic agreement was signed on 12th December 2015 by 195 nations in Paris, France to flight climate change and investment towards a low carbon economy, sustainable cities and clean energy. The Paris climate change agreement in COP 21 for the first time brings 195 countries into a common cause based on their future, current and past responsibilities (Adaptation of the Paris climate agreement; Dec 2015). But still we many questions in our mind, what does it mean to us? What does it mean to Ville

Bipolar Disorder And Major Depressive Disorder - 856 Words

Moods are feelings we all go through. Many different things can affect our moods. We can be super happy or super down by anything instantly. If we were to accomplish something, get a good grade, or a raise that will instantly change our mood and bring us to a happy state. If we were to fail, lose a job, get a ticket that might make us go into a down or depressive mood. It is very normal for us to have our moods affected by day to day life events. People who experience mood disorders get affected longer and more severe to where it affects their lives so badly they can’t function well. Even if things are going well some people still get depressed, or when something they encounter bothers them. People who experience extreme mood swings suffer drastically with their emotions. Their are two types of mood disorders: bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. Bipolar disorder is also known to be called manic-depressive disorder. Research shows that bipolar disorder is genetic. B ipolar disorder has two stages that people deal with, the manic stage and depressive stage. These stages can each last from hours, days, to even years. Stress plays a role in these stages. These stages go from an intense happy stage to a deep derisive stage. People suffer with elevated moods and personality change, and this tends to affect their friends and family around them. Medication and psychotherapy both help treat this disorder. In the manic phase people tend to be extremely happy and work andShow MoreRelatedMajor Depressive Disorder And Bipolar Disorder Essay2117 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder are both mental illnesses that are debilitating. Normal functioning becomes increasingly difficult as either disorder takes hold of the mind and impacts every facet of the patient’s life. With an increased risk of suicide, they can even lead to an early death. Studies continue on both genetic and environment influences in mental disorders, but neuroscientific research finds out more with each study about how the brain impacts our mental abilitiesRead MoreSymptoms Of Bipolar Disorder And Major Depressive Disorder972 Words   |  4 Pages Mr. Z is a 45-year-old male who demonstrates symptoms of bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. In the last two years, he was admitted twice to psychiatric hospitals to be treated for depression and suicidal tendencies. In both of these occasions, Mr. Z argued that he did not suffer from a psychiatric illness, but that he was dying due to a strange disease of aging. However, not one of those who seen Mr. Z could diagnose what the disease was. His wife mentioned to mental health professionalsRead MoreAssociations Between Major Depressive Disorder And Bipolar Disorder1894 Words   |  8 PagesAssociations between Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder Major Depressive Episodes are prominent in Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder which can create difficultly to the differentiation of the both. As found in Forty et.al (2008)’s study, Major Depressive Episodes contributes to the optimum management of the two disorders, which they also suggest that it is of great clinical importance to be able to distinguish between them. (Kennedy, Lam, Parikh, Patten, Ravindran, 2009)Read MoreMajor Depressive Disorder ( Unipolar Depression ) And Bipolar Depression2296 Words   |  10 Pagesthe diagnosis of both Major Depressive Disorder (Unipolar depression) and Bipolar Depression can be made on the basis of characteristics of a Major Depressive Episode (MDE). That is, can an MDE in patients with Major Depressive Disorder be differentiated from a MDE in patients with Bipolar Disorder? Firstly, the extremes in mood, Major Depressive Episode and mania/hypomania will be defined and it will be explained how they contribute to a diag nosis of MDD or Bipolar Disorder based on the diagnosticRead MoreUnderstanding Bipolar Disorder And Major Depressive Disorder1219 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder The failure to properly recognize patients who experience symptoms that precipitate those of bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder can lead to misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. Although diagnostic errors can be made with caution and conscious awareness, the patient’s condition may worsen over time or possibly lead to a tragic death. The purpose of this analysis is to offer insight into the elements of bipolar disorder and majorRead MorePsychology : Human And Emotional Type Of Disorders1734 Words   |  7 Pagessense the overall topic of abnormal psychology. Abnormal psychology is and can be thought of as like any other psychology in a way but more specifically it is a psychology that deals with the understanding of mental and emotional type of disorders. As a psychology major you get to look at psychology through many forms, this is done with an objective which prepares you so to see which focus you find or can connect to most, most often for personal or l ogical base reasons. A subject or topic that caughtRead MoreBipolar, A State Of Sadness, And Mania1313 Words   |  6 PagesShifts of moods and behaviors are normal but when exceeding the time frame of when those shifts last it can cause a disorder. A disorder known as Bipolar. Bipolar is concluded to be alternating periods of depression and mania. Depression, being, a state of sadness, and mania, a state of high energy in which a person seems capable of taking over the world. These symptoms of bipolar ultimately lead to the question of what causes people to be in depressed or manic. Can a time of mania ultimately causeRead MoreSummary Of The DSM-5877 Words   |  4 Pagesneed for a classification of mental disorders has been clear throughout the history of medicine. The American Psychiatric Association, the DSM was first published in 1984. The DSM-IV symptom criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) are somewhat lengthy, many studies showing that treatment providers have diffi culty recalling all nine symptoms (American Psychological Association, 2010). The symptom inclusion criteria for the diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) have remained essentially unchangedRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Symptoms And Symptoms1100 Words   |  5 PagesBIPOLAR DISORDER What is bipolar disorder? A disorder with episode of mood swing ranging from depressive lows to manic highs. Each episode usually last days to week at a time. Episodes may occur several times a year or throughout the year. Mania symptoms include periods of elevated mood of irritability. When experiencing a manic episode a patient often has high energy levels with reduced need for sleep. Less often, people may experience psychosis. Depression symptoms include feeling sad, low energyRead MoreDepression Is a Common but Serious Illness776 Words   |  4 Pagesactivities of an individual and the people that surround them. Depression can occur in many different ways. Major depressive episode, or major depression, is a period of intense depressed mood. This particular type of depression can occur at any age and have diverse characteristics depending on the circumstance. Individuals may experience a single episode or may have reoccurring episodes. Major depressive can affect a person’s sleep, school, work, and activities that once were enjoyable to them. The symptoms

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Developing departmental staff assessments, policy papers, directives, management policies, standards, and procedures involving the NRC protective force programs, protection program planning and Site and Security Plans. Conduct evaluations and inspections to ensure that Department facilities comply with established security standards and to determine the needs for adjustments or upgrades to the level of uniformed protection provided Conduct security inspections and security analyses of facilities involved in special program security test and evaluation programs. Identifies the necessary changes regarding policy, procedures, training and standards from inspections, surveys, and audits of the site. We will write a custom essay sample on Resume or any similar topic only for you Order Now Results: Responsible for the training and instruction with established guidelines, standards in support of the nationally developed training programs regulated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Serving as one of Facility Security Officers in support of the security education, safeguard and administering self-inspections in support of the NRC Serving as one of the Security Technical Representative on Installation Access Control Systems I ark closely with contractors and other security professionals for security clearance and access within a regulated nuclear facility. Accountable for the continues evaluation of all the protective measures and procedures governed by both the NRC and Industry. I review and evaluate all access control systems and security systems. Work with security senior management, in making recommendations on the modifications and improvements in order to enhance physical security and increase the efficiency with in the nuclear facility. Control multi-disciplinary security training program and provide and train on government and industry standards which includes identifying the need for facility protection along with the development and maintaining the protection. Department of the Army, Fort Believe, Virginia Police Supervisor (Lieutenant) Directory of Emergency Services 1 11201 0 to 04/201 1 Supervised the training, and development of subordinate police officers and other assigned staff. Acts as first responder to all types of emergencies or volatile situations such as terrorist attacks, hostage/barricaded situations, mob threats, vehicle accidents, robberies, hazardous material incidents, and other emergencies. Assisted officers by providing interpretation of departmental policies and procedures. Performed as the leader of the tactical response team and assisted in training newly hired officers. Directed activities of personnel engaged in preparing budget proposals, maintaining police records, and recruiting staff. Results: Took relevant steps to establish new policies and procedures by maintaining and setting new standards. Commended on my abilities to revived proactive measures in ensuring and monitoring the department’s budget and spending habits. Awarded for my abilities to maintain a positive relationship with the community while enforcing the policies, regulations and law. CSS Army – ASPICS-E (U. S. Army Corrections Facility-Europe)/ Anaheim, Germany. Senior Corrections Supervisor, 08/2006 to 07/2010. Managed operations of a 146-bed, medium custody, joint-SE;CE corrections facility. Supervised facilities operations, physical security, safekeeping, custody and control of confined prisoners and staff of 100. Coordinated Security efforts across the organization, including Information Technology, Human Resources, Communications, Legal and Facilities Management. Developed internal management controls to identify resource requirements related to security, forwarded recommendations, corrected problem areas and conducting annual facility reviews. Maintained facility records and prepared daily reports and correspondence. Provide data entry into the security management system. Provided leadership with tracking all projects daily administrative duties. Oversee and provide a continuity of security for agility, personnel, visitor control, document control and equipment for all Special project Security matters. Results: Directed accreditation process with American Correctional Association, receiving overall rating of 98. 9 percent for its operation and physical security of the facility. Earned the USAF-See’s highest rating. Was the first of five facilities in the U. S. Army’s Corrections Command to receive USAF-See’s national and its only CA international accreditation. IIS Army – Co 701 SST Military Police Battalion/ Fort Leonard Wood, MO. Military Police and Corrections Committee Chief/ Instructor/Writer, 08/2001 to 08/2006. Provided administrative, logistical, personnel and training support to staff and students of U. S. Army Military Police School. Maintained use of two buildings, video equipment, communication systems, classrooms, audio-visual equipment and ammunition valued in excess of MM. Prepare correspondence, reports, and documents related to security duties in a articulate, perceptive, and tactful way. How to cite Resume, Papers

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music Essay Today in the television world, sitcoms are totally different from what it used to be, for example back in the day, people would have top rating TV shows, such as the Brady Bunch, I Love Lucy, The Partridge Family, and basically shows that would have morals and lessons to give to the public. Now a days, shows that are most watched would be Sex in the City, The Sopranos, Will Grace, and sitcoms that would have plots about sex, drugs, interracial conflict, and things that wouldnt be appropriate back in the past. In the past, people loved watching TV while eating their dinner. They would have TV dinners and sit on the couch flipping the channels by the remote control. Now Since the popular shows are usually on after dinner, the viewers can just relax, go out to eat, take their time, and enjoy their meals. In the 1960s, nobody really cared for television, mostly because there werent many channels to choose from, but now we have so many options of channels to view, like the comedy channels, cartoon channels, nature channels, news channels, and sports channels. The biggest change in television history is reality shows. There are so many shows to choose from. Every channel one switches to, there are reality sitcoms and games shows to watch. For example, the first reality based TV show, Real World, Survivor, Blind Date, Elimidate, Fear Factor, and the list goes on and on, all are shows that take people form the real world and put them in shows that we all can connect to. I believe producers create d shows like this to have other people humiliate themselves. Shows such as the Real World, has people who act drunk, cheat on their loved ones, have wild sex, fight with one another, and plainly make people laugh at the stupid things they do. Shows like this, I believe give us more entertainment then shows like the Brady Bunch because shows from the past had less entertainment and more moral-thinking stories. The subtleties of materiality coupled with multiple plays of light truly embodythe spirit of Khans philosophy at Exeter Academy. As Stephen Holl conciselyexpresses Architecture is born when actual phenomena and the idea thatdrives it intersectMeanings show through at this intersection of concept andexperience. It is exactly Khans blending of idea and design that makesthis building a model for theoretical execution in design. The following essaywill explore the many architectural implementations of Khans theories frommaterials, to form, to function and to the Silence and Light. This investigationshall probe the ideology in conjunction with its realization to the approach,the circulation, the enclosure and the details. Additionally, the Library atPhillips Exeter Academy shall be analyzed in relationship to his theories oneducation, institutions and learning. As the quote I asked the buildingwhat it wanted to be has been often attributed to Louis Khan, I shall askthe question, What did Khan want the building to be, and how did heapproach this challenge? Institutions and Education Khan believed thatInstitution stems from the inspiration to live. This inspiration remainsmeekly expressed in our institutions today. The three great inspirations are theinspiration to learn, the inspiration to meet, and the inspiration for wellbeing. The architecture of Exeter Library captures the essence of theseinspirations, offering opportunities for all of them to blossom. Khan continuedThey all serve, really, the will to be, to express. This is, you mightsay, the reason for living. It is this inspiration that enlivens thespirits of the students, and motivates them to study and learn. I may suggestthen, that if the purpose of the institution lies within the Silence, then itsphysical materialization becomes the Light. If we assume that the desire to seektruth and universal knowledge is rooted in the Silence, then we may accept theschool building to be the Light, more precisely spent l ight. Khanbelieved that the first schools emerged from the Silence, from the desire tolearn. Schools began with a man under a tree, who did not know he was ateacher, discussing his realization with a few, who did not know they werestudents. The students aspired that their sons also listen to such a man. Spaceswere erected and the first schools began. Since Khan believed the essenceof learning institutions should reflect these origins, he concluded that thebuilding should promote the fundamental inspiration of learning. Khan believedthat students had as much to teach as teachers, that students inspired theteacher by their desire to be. Teaching is an act of singularity tosingularity. It is not talking to a group. They teach you of your ownsingularity, because only a singularity can teach a singularity.Postulating that teaching could only happen when learning was present, Khansought to embrace the singularity for students. Singularity is in themovement from Silence, which is the seat of the immeasurable and the desire tobe, to express, moving towards the means to express, which is material made ofLight. Light comes to you because actually it is not divided; it is simply thatwhich desires to be manifest, coming together with that which has becomemanifest. That movement meets at a point which may be called yoursingularity. In other words, the greatest potential of discovery stemsfrom the meeting of the desire to learn and the desire to teach. Although Khanwas fond of learning, he maintained contempt for the educational system. Hebelieved that the the will to learn, the desire to learn, is one of thegreatest inspirations. I am not that impressed by education. Learning, yes. Education is something, which is always on trial because no system can evercapture the real meaning of learning. Hence, the basic nature of learningis a personal desire to learn not a series of requirements dictated down byschool boards. Khan theorized that for students, forced to memorize of dates,facts and formulas only to be forgotten soon after served no purpose in therealm of true learning. For Khan, teaching is an art form, an acquired talentthat must be able to teach a man to fish, not feed him for a day. The workof students should not be directed to the solution of problems, but rather tosensing the nature of a thing. But you cannot know a nature without getting itout of your guts. You must sense what it is, and then you can look up what otherpeople think it is. What you sense must belong to you, and the words of teachingmust not in any way be in evidence, so completely has it been transformed intothe singularity. Therefore, it is not the responsibility of the teacher toforce students to process data nor to use mnemonics, but to provide the vehicleneeded to access information. Information plays an important role in forming ourunderstanding of reality. However, the complexity of everyday life andsurrounding environments is often unreadable to us unless seen as a combinationof interrelating sub-elements. The situation is paradoxical: we no longerbelieve in mindless subdivisions of reality as a method to understand it, but atthe same time, we do not easily comprehend the globallity of everydayexperience. In the design of the Exeter Library, Khan arranged a series ofsub-elements, his ideas into a rich design thick with meaning and full of light. And only, through an independent study of each of these sub-elements does onehave the opportunity to understand the overall structure. Defining and study ofthat interdependency of objects was the main theme of this investigation. Iconclude then, at Phillips Exeter Academy, Khan began to manifest his beliefsinto design, the Library gave Light to Khans Silence. From the Silence to theLight. After receiving the commission for the Library at Phillips ExeterAcademy, Louis Kahn first asked himself what a library should be. To guide hisdesign process, his first objective was to ascertain the rudimental meaning of alibrary. It is good for the mind to go back to the beginning, because thebeginning of any established activity is its most wonderful moment. Khandid not investigate antecedents, precedents, nor did he survey its potentialusers. Treating this library as if no other had come before it, Khan sought thebasic nature of the institution. Kahns design outline began with thedeclaration, I see a library as a place where the librarian can lay outthe books, open especially to selected pages to seduce the readers. There shouldbe a place with great tables on which the librarian can put the books, and thereaders should be able to take the books and go to the light. This concisestatement summarizes the essential quality of the Library design. Not only doesthis mission statement promote his philosophy toward learning, but it alsodescribes the procession, the circulation, and the management and manipulationof its users. Kahn is stating the idea from which he will grow threedifferent spaces: one where students would come together in the presence ofbooks, another of the books, and a third for reading in the light. Since themovement of the user is of such great importance, that procession through thebuilding shall become the outline for this analysis. Following this path, Ishall proceed to illustrate the Silence behind the Light at the Exeter Library. The Atomic Bomb EssayThe first reading area, the carrels form the perimeter ring at the exteriorwalls of the library. In addition, Khan provided private reading rooms for thefaculty, and an exterior arcade. This meeting place occurs on the roof, in thepresence of the truest forms of light, the sun. Homage to the Light When oneexperiences the Library at Phillips Exeter Academy, he or she cannot help butnotice the constant shifting of Silence and Light. It is almost a dance betweenthe shadow and light, one that effect the spirit and mood of each space and itsuser. The performance of light begins at the base, as the piers create a rhythmof lightness and darkness and travels the height of the facade. From theever-changing color of the brick to the depth of the window openings, lightdances its way across the building enclosure. As the natural light penetratesthe interior, Khan skillfully controls its every movement throughout theinterior spaces. Kahns truly impressive use of light emana tes in its executionto the three functions of the library. As Khan had stated A plan of abuilding shall read like a harmony of spaces in light. Even a space intended tobe dark should have just enough light from some mysterious opening to tell ushow dark it really is. Each space must be defined by its structure and thecharacter of its natural light. In this utilitarian stairwell, the sourceof light emanates from a deflecting path of glass and wall. Understanding theimportance for various sources, type and intensity of light, Khan design thelibrary to take advantage lights many properties. Khan provided three distinctareas of light for the each of his important spaces. The areas for reading inthe Light received natural light that was skillfully designed to enhance withoutinhibiting the ability to read, Glare is bad in the library; wall space isimportant. Little spaces where you can adjourn with a book are tremendouslyimportant, Khan wrote about the Exeter Library. Khan believed thepot ential of learning was just as great from looking out the window as fromreading a book, however he also understood the need to limit the outsidedistractions, both of people and of light. . At the perimeter he allowed thelight to enliven the reading area, yet he controlled the glare at the readingcarrels, through window height and the use of sliding shutters. In areas of moreserious study, he limited the windows to a source of light from a clerestory. Because the rays of direct sunlight are harmful to books, Khan used dimfluorescent lighting in the place of books, offering only enough toallow the user to find a book. This action however, somewhat contradicts hisprevious statements on artificial light Space can never reach its placein architecture without natural light. Artificial light is the light of nightexpressed in positioned chandeliers not to be compared with the unpredictableplay of natural light Khan understood the materials and their reactionstoward the light. At Exeter, the meaning of light is a demonstration ofKahns most profound philosophical beliefs. As a result of ever-changingexternal conditions, the interior space comes alive with a constant flux oflight and shade. The room exists in the realm of shadows, that is, between thesilence of ideas and the light of material reality. Quite possibly one ofKahns most notable innovations in the control of light is found in the ceilingof the great hall. With the light tower o f Yale University Art Gallery, weare familiar with Khans principle of light blades which deflectlight downward and simultaneously perform structural functions.Additionally, the cross shape emphasizes the centrality of the space. As one cansee in the photo to the left, it concisely illustrates all three importantconditions of light; the invitation of books, the place of books, and thereading in the light. Conclusion The Library at Phillips Exeter Academy is theLight, the physical manifestation of Khans theories and writings. This projectis more about the accumulation of experience or intention of idea than just aplace to store and read books. It goes beyond the realm of the known, beyond themortar and bricks. It is the threshold between the Silence and the Light. If ourimpression of a building is defined by our knowledge of space, by what we see ata particular moment or what we just saw a few seconds ago, then it is also whatwe would like to see. However, if we attempt to see a large r world, onethat includes that which is not yet along with that which is, as the creativeartist, scientist, and architect must, then a more powerful discipline isneeded, one used by the poets, which the ancient Chinese Taoist philosopher LaoTzu called the Tao, the existential philosopher Martin Heidegger called Being,and Louis Kahn called Order. In his essay on Architecture, Khan saidYou must follow the laws of nature and use quantities of brick, methods ofconstruction, and engineering. But in the end, when the building becomes part ofliving, it evokes immeasurable qualities, and the spirit of its existence takesover. Thus, space can be seen also as possibility present in ourimagination. The question of physical existence is inappropriate. Moreappropriately, one should ask For what is an architectural concept if not thematerial and spatial expression of spiritual intentions?BibliographyBrownlee, David B. and David G. De Long. Lois IKahn: In the Realm of Architecture. New York, Rizz oli, 1991. Buttiker, Urs. Louis I. Khan: Light and Space, Basel, Birkhuser Verlag, 1994. Holl, Stephen. Phenomena and Idea Date Visited 5/10/99 Jordy, William H. TheSpan of Kahn, Architectural review 155, no. 928. June 1974 Khan, Louis I. Silence and Light: Louis Kahns Words in Between Silence and Light,John Lobell, Boulder, Shambhala Publications, Inc., 1979. Khan, Louis I. Bibliotecas Libraries, New York, Garland, 1988. Lobell, John. Between Silenceand Light, Boulder, Shambhala Publications, Inc., 1979. Ronner, H., Jhaveri, S. Complete Work 1935-74, Basel, Birkhuser Verlag, 2nd Ed., 1987. Wiggens, Glen E.,Louis I Kahn: The Library at Phillips Exeter Academy, New York, Van NostrandReinhold, 1997. Wurman, Richard Saul, Ed. What Will Be Has Always Been: TheWords of Louis I. Khan. New York, Access Press and Rizzoli InternationalPublications, Inc. 1986. Wurman, R.S., What will be has always been. Thewords of Louis I. Kahn. Progressive Architecture 1969, special edition,wanting to be: the Philadelphia School. p.89.Cambridge, MA and London, England,MIT Press, 1973 Wurman, R.S., Feldman, E. The Notebooks and Drawings of Louis I. Khan. Cambridge, MA and London, England, MIT Press, 1973Architecture

Benefits of Solar-Powered Water Heaters

Benefits of Solar-Powered Water Heaters Dear EarthTalk: I heard that using a solar powered water heater in my home would reduce my CO2 emissions significantly. Is this true? And what are the costs? Anthony Gerst, Wapello, IA Conventional Water Heaters Use Energy According to mechanical engineers at the University of Wisconsin’s Solar Energy Laboratory, an average four-person household with an electric water heater needs about 6,400 kilowatt hours of electricity per year to heat their water. Assuming the electricity is generated by a typical power plant with an efficiency of around 30 percent, it means that the average electric water heater is responsible for about eight tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) annually, which is almost double that emitted by a typical modern automobile. The same family of four using either a natural gas or oil-fired water heater will contribute about two tons of CO2  emissions annually in heating their water. And as we know, carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas responsible for climate change. Conventional Water Heaters Pollute Surprising as it may seem, analysts believe that the annual total CO2 produced by residential water heaters throughout North America is roughly equal to that produced by all of the cars and light trucks driving around the continent. Another way of looking at it is: If half of all households used solar water heaters, the reduction in CO2  emissions would be the same as doubling the fuel-efficiency of all cars. Solar Water Heaters Gaining Popularity Having half of all households use solar water heaters might not be such a tall order. According to the Environmental and Energy Study Institute (EESI), there are 1.5 million solar water heaters already in use in U.S. homes and businesses. Solar water heater systems can work in any climate and EESI estimates that 40 percent of all U.S. homes have sufficient access to sunlight such that 29 million additional solar water heaters could be installed right now. Solar Water Heaters: The Economical Choice Another great reason to switch to a solar water heater is financial. According to the EESI, residential solar water heater systems cost between $1,500 and $3,500, compared to $150 to $450 for electric and gas heaters. With savings in electricity or natural gas, solar water heaters pay for themselves within four to eight years. And solar water heaters last between 15 and 40 yearsthe same as conventional systemsso after that initial payback period is up, zero energy cost essentially means having free hot water for years to come. What’s more, in the U.S. federal government offers homeowners tax credits of up to 30 percent of the cost of installing a solar water heater. The credit is not available for swimming pool or hot tub heaters, and the system must be certified by the Solar Rating and Certification Corporation. What to Know Before You Install a Solar Water Heater According to the U.S. Department of Energy’s â€Å"Consumer’s Guide to Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency,† zoning and building codes relating to the installation of solar water heaters usually reside at the local level, so consumers should be sure to research the standards for their own communities and hire a certified installer familiar with local requirements. Homeowners beware: Most municipalities require a building permit for the installation of a solar hot water heater onto an existing house. For Canadians looking to get into solar water heating, the Canadian Solar Industries Association maintains a list of certified solar water heater installers, and Natural Resources Canada makes its informative booklet, â€Å"Solar Water Heating Systems: A Buyer’s Guide,† available as a free download on their website. EarthTalk is a regular feature of E/The Environmental Magazine. Selected EarthTalk columns are reprinted on About Environmental Issues by permission of the editors of E. Edited by Frederic Beaudry.

Yalta Conference in World War II

Yalta Conference in World War II The Yalta Conference was held February 4-11, 1945, and was the second wartime meeting of leaders from the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union. Upon arriving at the Crimean resort of Yalta, Allied leaders hoped to define the post-World War II peace and set the stage for rebuilding Europe. During the conference, President Franklin Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin discussed the future of Poland and Eastern Europe, the occupation of Germany, the return of prewar governments to occupied countries, and the Soviet entry into the war with Japan. While the participants left Yalta pleased with the result, the conference later was viewed as a betrayal after Stalin broke promises regarding Eastern Europe. Fast Facts: Yalta Conference Conflict: World War II (1939-1945)Date: February 4-11, 1945Participants:United States - President Franklin RooseveltGreat Britain - Prime Minister Winston ChurchillSoviet Union - Joseph StalinWartime Conferences:Casablanca ConferenceTehran ConferencePotsdam Conference Background In early 1945, with World War II in Europe drawing to a close, Franklin Roosevelt (United States), Winston Churchill (Great Britain), and Joseph Stalin (USSR) agreed to meet to discuss war strategy and issues that would affect the postwar world. Dubbed the Big Three, the Allied leaders had met previously in November 1943, at the Tehran Conference. Seeking a neutral site for the meeting, Roosevelt suggested a gathering somewhere on the Mediterranean. While Churchill was in favor, Stalin refused citing that his doctors prohibited him from making any long trips. In lieu of the Mediterranean, Stalin proposed the Black Sea resort of Yalta. Eager to meet face to face, Roosevelt agreed to Stalins request. As the leaders traveled to Yalta, Stalin was in the strongest position as Soviet troops were a mere forty miles from Berlin. This was reinforced by the home court advantage of hosting the meeting in the USSR. Further weakening the western Allies position was Roosevelts failing health and Britains increasingly junior position relative to the US and USSR. With the arrival of all three delegations, the conference opened on February 4, 1945. Agendas Each leader came to Yalta with an agenda. Roosevelt desired Soviet military support against Japan following the defeat of Germany and Soviet participation in the United Nations, while Churchill was focused on securing free elections for Soviet-liberated countries in Eastern Europe. Counter to Churchills desire, Stalin sought to build a Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe to protect against future threats. In addition to these long-term issues, the three powers also needed to develop a plan for governing postwar Germany. Yalta Conference, left to right: Secretary of State Edward Stettinius, Maj. Gen. L. S. Kuter, Admiral E. J. King, General George C. Marshall, Ambassador Averell Harriman, Admiral William Leahy, and President F. D. Roosevelt. Livadia Palace, Crimea, Russia. Library of Congress Poland Shortly after the meeting opened, Stalin took a firm stance on the issue of Poland, citing that twice in the previous thirty years it had been used as an invasion corridor by the Germans. Furthermore, he stated that the Soviet Union would not return the land annexed from Poland in 1939, and that the nation could be compensated with land taken from Germany. While these terms were non-negotiable, he was willing to agree to free elections in Poland. While the latter pleased Churchill, it soon became clear that Stalin had no intention of honoring this promise. Germany In regard to Germany, it was decided that the defeated nation would be divided into three zones of occupation, one for each of the Allies, with a similar plan for the city of Berlin. While Roosevelt and Churchill advocated for a fourth zone for the French, Stalin would only acquiesce if the territory was taken from the American and British zones. After reasserting that only unconditional surrender would be acceptable the Big Three agreed that Germany would undergo demilitarization and denazification, as well as that some war reparations would be in the form of forced labor. Japan Pressing on the issue of Japan, Roosevelt secured a promise from Stalin to enter the conflict ninety days after the defeat of Germany. In return for Soviet military support, Stalin demanded and received American diplomatic recognition of Mongolian independence from Nationalist China. Caving on this point, Roosevelt hoped to deal with the Soviets through the United Nations, which Stalin did agree to join after voting procedures in the Security Council were defined. Returning to European affairs, it was jointly agreed that the original, prewar governments would be returned to liberated countries. Exceptions were made in the cases of France, whose government had become collaborationist, and Romania and Bulgaria where the Soviets had effectively dismantled the governmental systems. Further supporting this was a statement that all displaced civilians would be returned to their countries of origin. Ending on February 11, the three leaders departed Yalta in a celebratory mood. This initial view of the conference was shared by the people in each nation, but ultimately proved short-lived. With Roosevelts death in April 1945, relations between the Soviets and the West became increasingly tense. Aftermath As Stalin reneged on promises concerning Eastern Europe, perception of Yalta changed and Roosevelt was blamed for effectively ceding Eastern Europe to the Soviets. While his poor health may have affected his judgment, Roosevelt was able to secure some concessions from Stalin during the meeting. Despite this, many came to view the meeting as a sellout that greatly encouraged Soviet expansion in Eastern Europe and northeast Asia. The leaders of the Big Three would meet again that July for the Potsdam Conference. During the meeting, Stalin was effectively able to have the decisions of Yalta ratified as he was able to take advantage of new US President Harry S. Truman and a change of power in Britain that saw Churchill replaced partway through the conference by Clement Attlee.

Zheng He and his voyage in Ming Dynasty Term Paper

Zheng He and his voyage in Ming Dynasty - Term Paper Example Zheng He, the Admiral and commander of these expeditions was entrusted by the Imperial court of China and the emperor to undertake these missions that were to serve mainly diplomatic purposes. He would surpass the court’s expectations upon return from each voyage with valuable trinkets and exotic, expensive goods from trade. In this article, the whole process and technical aspects of the Zheng He voyages during the Ming dynasty will be analyzed. This article will introduce Zheng He as an individual, his background and ascension to the position of Admiral. Furthermore, the article will lay emphasis on the impact of these voyages to the state of China and to some degree the countries or territories visited. Key areas that will be examined for this are Chinese culture, politics, history, business and trade. In addition, the effects of the voyages on countries toured will also be discussed. Attention will be diverted towards the reasons for the start of the voyages and ultimately those for their demise as a conclusion. Discussion Zeng He was born in 1371in Jinning, China and named Ma He (Chinaculture.org, 2005). Scholars indicate that his ancestors were of Arabian descent who immigrated into China during the Song and Tang dynasties between 7th and 13th Century AD. Research indicates that the great grandfather of Zeng He was appointed governor of Yunnan Province and is believed to have been a member of the Mongol Garrison in that province. During his childhood, Zheng’s home province of Yunnan fell under siege by the emperor of China and the ruler of the Ming dynasty at the time. He was taken to imperial court to serve as a eunuch. A eunuch is a person, who is castrated and forced to work for the government against his will (Chinaculture.org, 2005). Through service to Zhu Yuanzhang, he became prominent through aiding in the defeat of the Yuan Dynasty. He was rewarded with a promotion to an official government post. Zhu Di, Zhu’s fourth son initiated a coup in which Zeng played an integral role in Zhu Di’s acquisition of the throne. He was rewarded with the command of the Chinese navy. With this position, he wielded great influence and power at the court. An alternative reflection of historical texts is that upon ascension to the throne in 1402, Emperor Cheng appointed Zheng to command a large fleet of ships to the area known as Western Sea (Church, 2005). Zeng He’s voyages in the Ming Dynasty constitute this fleet of ships to distant lands. The ships travelled to nations in Southeast Asia and Africa (Levathes, 1997). The ships carried large quantities of products including food stuffs, silks, ornaments, soldiers and sailors. The voyages are considered a feat in navigation in that era. Though unexpected at the time, in Chinese history, they contributed considerably to trade and exchanges in culture. Historians believe that between the years 1405 and 1433, Zheng led his fleet of ships in seven voyages. The number of ships in each voyage ranged from between forty to sixty three. The total number of people on each voyage was estimated to be approximately twenty seven thousand. The ships navigated a vast area of seas and oceans from Ryuku Islands, Philippines, Mozambique all the way to South Africa. Mutual trade between China and the native lands the ships docked was developed. Cultures and technologies were also exchanged in addition to promotion of social economic development and enhancement of maritime traffic practices. The large fleets conducted voyages on the Indian Ocean astonishing the proficient Arab navigators of the time and Venetian merchants. These led to adoption of naval enlightenment to states in Europe (Church, 2005). Zeng He’s first expedition was in July 1405. Church (2005) observes that, â€Å"

Multinationals,asian success and Gloobal econmy Essay

Multinationals,asian success and Gloobal econmy - Essay Example Furthermore, Kim Young Sam, like many people, students and business leaders during the 90s, may have been blinded by the 'globalization hype' in the media and academic institutions (Sharma 2003:184). Likewise, foreign investors and creditors also believed the "Asian Miracle" hype which may have encouraged them to issue more loans to Asian corporations. Wade & Veneroso (1998) emphasized the relentless campaigning by 'Wall street-U.S. Treasury and IMF' for Asian governments to open their capital markets and mentioned allegations of bribery of key people by Western and Japanese financial institutions (p. 9). Jaddish Bhagwati, pointed out that Secretary Rubin came from Wallstreet and huge firms such as Morgan Stanley aim to open overseas market and promote 'capital convertibility' so they can operate and earn profits everywhere (p.19). Washington (like Korea), is also controlled by corporations because they finance election campaigns (Perkins: 2005). Winters (2006) sought to answer why the Asian Crisis hit 98-99 and not earlier when the weakness of Korean 'developmentalism' was already chronic for years. He explained how each country was affected depended on the openness of the country's financial system, lack of controls/regulations or enforcement of these controls, currency convertibility, short-term foreign loans exposure, and attractiveness of the country to foreign investors (p. 84). Asian corruption was not a significant factor as asserted by the propaganda of free market capitalist that claimed financial liberalization/de-regulation will free Asian economies against corruption (Wade & Veneroso 1998:20). Bhagwati, also added that foreign investments are not necessary for economic growth since Korea already has huge domestic savings which can capitalize businesses (qtd. in Wade & Veneroso 1998:19-20). On the other hand, Woo-Cumings (1998) rejected the Western Imperialism argument and asserted that 'the Asian Crisis' was bound to happen because of the inadequacy and failure of Korean 'developmentalism' to meet the changes in the world market (p.116). Firms were not profitable and have made massive wrong investment decisions (p.123). Lieberman & Mako (1998) stated that by 1997, more than half of the thirty 'chaebols' employing 25 million workers with a debt of 103.4 trillion won, were at risk of defaulting on their debt (qtd. in Woo-Cumings 1998:123). World trade especially in semi-conductors was also slowing down due to glut in the market (p. 120). Investors and creditors were already growing concerned about Korean firms (Sharma 2003: 186). Most significantly, Cumings (1998) highlighted an important issue in Korea which is the strong motivation of the 'chaebols' to acquire foreign loans to free themselves of repressive government control (p.125). Government policy also deepened this problem by only allowing short-term foreign loans and not placing financial controls (Sharma 2003: 184). However, as Wade & Generoso and Bhagwati (1998) have insisted; there would have been no credit crunch that destroyed even profitable and viable small and medium sized businesses in Korea if the

ART Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

ART - Essay Example Foster, Krauss, Bois, and Buchloh focuses on a crucial event—how the seminal work is created, how the artistic manifesto is published and the opening of a major exhibition; this crucial event tells us the story of enchanting diversity of practice and interpretation that characterizes the art of the twentieth century. Nevertheless, they made a point to explain in detail all the turning points and breakthroughs of modernism and postmodernism. 1. Modernism is generally an artistic approach, which dominated the European and American art and literature in the Twentieth Century. The key features of modernism are thought to be the principles of formalism and the autonomy of art. 3. The third aspect is the concept of the avant-garde, which challenges the dominant artistic culture. Often referred to as "inner logic of modernism", this critical force makes the art move forward towards Postmodernism. Characterized as a critique of Modernism and the project of modernity, Postmodernism is best understood as a part of a cultural shift which has been felt in science, philosophy, and the arts. Culture is seen by others (e.g. Jean Baudrillard) as an endless play of imitation (simulation) which signals the end of authenticity and reality and the emergence of "hyperreality" (Baudrillard 1049-50) 2. Interventionist is when the artist becomes a manipulator of signs rather than a producer of Art. The viewer becomes "an active reader of messages rather than a passive contemplator of the aesthetic"(Foster 1066). This form of Art is described as "a social sign entangled with other signs in systems productive of value, power and prestige" (Foster 1066) This critique of Modernity often takes the form of a challenge to the norms and values of western culture as a whole. But this critique is losing its popularity. If we still don’t have an answer to Hal Foster’s 1996 question, â€Å"Whatever Happened to

Reviewing The Culture Of Homelessness In America Cultural Studies Essay

Reviewing The Culture Of Homelessness In America Cultural Studies Essay The homeless culture of people in America has reached epic proportions due to the downward spiral of the economy, mental illness and lack of affordable housing. I chose the homeless culture of people for research and field observation to find out first-hand how this culture of people actually live and survive under such horrific conditions. I wanted to get a first hand perspective on the reasons these people are homeless, what they do to survive on the streets and what, if anything, that they think their futures may hold. Yes, the experience was painful to me, but it was, I believe a valuable experience. I found the situation of the homeless to be both shocking and sad. The living conditions of this culture of people was deplorable. To cope with these feelings I always tried to look for the cloud with the silver lining. Dealing with culture shock was difficult, but I kept an open mind, remained flexible and didnt spend excess energy on the things that were beyond my control. I utilized cultural relativism in this field observation, as I accepted this culture of peoples values and beliefs and did not judge them based on my own values and beliefs. (Miller, Barbara D.) I also utilized participation observation methods for gathering research data in the field. Prior to embarking on this field study, I researched and compiled a list of free services that one can obtain if they are in a homeless capacity, to give to the homeless culture, in the form of flyers. Robert Reosenheck conducted the very first study which observed homelessness as a real national paragon in our society. This study could quite possibly be the first study of its kind to come close to the real extent of this phenomenon in this culture of people. The major findings in the homeless study revealed that 744,000 United States citizens experienced homelessness between 1985 1990. Today these numbers are at an astonishing 1.6 million and rising. The homeless in America pose a very serious health threat to society. Tuberculosis and other communicable diseases such as HIV infection, AIDs and Hepatitis Type B are rampant in the homeless culture. A new finding in Rosenhecks research , was the study challenging the insight that homelessness is confined in its reach. Homelessness appears to be no greater among one race than another. Previous studies of this nature were typically conducted in larger cities, however Rosenhecks study was observed from the nation as a whole. We have learned from this study that homelessness may be of a much greater magnitude than was first thought. Impressive action is needed especially in the areas of health care, housing, as well as educational and employment opportunities. If something is not done sooner rather than later, the health and welfare of our nation is at great risk. ( Rosenheck, R.) There has been a sharp rise from the stereotypical transient homeless male (hobo) to homeless families in the past 15 years and is the fastest growing component in the population of the homeless culture. The typical homeless family in our society today consists of a single mother, with an average of 3 children, with the eldest child being around 5 years of age. Most of these families are not new to homelessness and most have never rented or owned a home, instead living with family or friends. The undereducated and unemployed make up the vast majority of homeless people. Most have worked at some point in their life, but there are many that have never worked. 59% of the homeless receive some type of public assistance ( TANF, WIC and etc. for their children. 49% of the homeless in our nation stated that they became so, due to cuts in public assistance. Appallinglymany of our homeless are United States veterans of foreign wars. The causation of homelessness is complex in nature and varies widely from area to area. (Nunez, R. Fox, Cybelle). I spent the weekends of July 2010 observing and interacting with the homeless in Dallas, Texas. Dallas is the third largest city in the state with a population of 1.3 million people. Over 8,000 of this population is homeless. (USA Today) I encountered three distinct types of homeless people on the streets of Dallas. The first type was those who were homeless due to the loss of a job in the face of the tough economic times that we are suffering, or a devastating illness that wiped them out financially. I also encountered a lot of homeless individuals and families that are refugees from hurricanes Katrina and Ike. The second type of homeless people was those that have been in and out of homelessness for years. Most of these homeless people are runaways, high school drop outs, teen mothers, abused wives and the chronic alcohol and drug abusers. The final type of homeless people that I encountered are those with varying degrees of mental illness, the elderly and the infirm. Most of these people need some level of supervision in their daily lives, and even institutionalized in some cases, either in a nursing care facility or psychiatric facility. On July 10, 2010, I took a step into a world that was totally new to me and that I could only have imagined. I believed that I was prepared for what I would see, but in actuality I was not. I met many homeless people, with varying circumstances and stories to relate, but due to space and time allotments, I have prepared a condensed version of my field study. Upon entering the new and potentially hostile environment, my first thought was, Can I do this? and my second thought was, If these poor people can live this way everyday of their lives, then yes, I can and I will. Culture shock hit hard but I managed to rally and go forth with my field study. The temperature in Dallas ,Texas was forecast to be 101 degrees with a heat index of 108 degrees. It was 5:30 in the morning and the first family that I encountered was in the process of rolling up their sleeping bags, having slept in a local store front. I introduced myself and explained that I was conducting a field observation for my Cul tural Anthropology final research paper. John, a Caucasian male aged 42, (last name withheld by request) Personal INTERVIEW, 10 July 2010 , replied You about scared me to death, I was thinking you were a cop or something! Sleeping in a public place is a criminal act in Dallas, Texas. The homeless are accustomed to being roused by city workers, police and etc. Hate filled words and actions are used toward the homeless to accomplish this task. John, continued to tell me about a homeless man named Lester, who had just recently been ousted from a store front. Lester was treated inhumanely by a member of a city crew, who roused him from sleep with a vicious kick to the ribs. Adding insult to injury, the work crew then destroyed all his belongings. John related that Lester told him later that he was homeless but he was still a human being and a member of society. John and his family (consisting of a wife and two children aged 9 and 11 have been living on the streets of Dallas since hurricane Katrina in 2005.They were from New Orleans and lost their home and all their belongings. John stated, I didnt even have a job to go back to. We had nothing man. John and his family use McDonalds and other nearby facilities of its type for hygienic purposes. They spend their days in a public park. In inclement weather they stay in an abandoned building. They consume one meal a day at a local soup kitchen and dumpster dive at fast food restaurants for other meals and snacks. Johns wife (name undisclosed) stated that the restaurants wouldnt even give them water without money. She further stated that when it rained they collected rain water to drink. John also related the fact that many fast food businesses have stopped the homeless from using the restrooms in fast food establishments by erecting signs on the door, For Customers Only. If the homeless go into these restrooms, they take a chance of getting arrested, on the other hand if they void or defecate in public they stand the same chance of going to jail. Its a catch-22 situation. The next homeless person that I interviewed was Fredrick (last name withheld by request) ,personal INTERVIEW 10, July, 2010. Fredrick is a 50 year old Caucasian male who contracted bone cancer and lost his right leg in 1995. He stated that he has been homeless since 1995. As he became progressively ill he subsequently lost his job and his home. John stated that he only had 10 years left to pay on his home when he became ill, but the chemotherapy, and amputation wiped him out financially forcing his family and himself into the streets. John said, Sure I receive $ 700 a month in disability payments, but you cant even rent an apartment here for that. Fredrick went on to state that at the time they were forced into homelessness, his family consisted of a wife and four children aged 4-10. They immediately contacted a homeless shelter for assistance. The homeless shelter was going to separate the family due to a lack of room for the whole family. In order to keep their family intact, they deigned to sleep in the streets. During my observation of the homeless culture I noted that many of the homeless flew cardboard or placards asking for a job or money for food. This is illegal on private property, which puts the homeless person in danger , because they are forced to stand in dangerous intersections ,to prevent getting arrested for this violation. I also noted that several homeless people were playing guitars, performing magic tricks and etc. for what they refer to as tipping money. As night approached more and more homeless people appeared on the streets. I observed that this culture had several modes of sleeping. Many simply unrolled sleeping bags or threw down blankets or old rags to sleep on. These people slept in store fronts at night. Most of the homeless were single, however there were several families observed in the area of my observation. Some of the homeless slept inside dumpsters. I encountered that most of these people would talk to you at night, but refused to give even their first names, or any personal information related to their being homeless. I surmised that this occurrence was most likely the result that the homeless didnt believe that I was really a college student, but instead some type of local authority. I spoke with one gentleman (name and age withheld) who related to me that he had previously slept in the local bus station, sitting in a chair, but sleeping ( even for people waiting for a bus) was no longer allowed. He further stated that this was to prevent the homeless culture from spending time in the bus station utilizing the climate controlled environment. This culture of people, (the homeless) are unique. These people have had their lifestyle radically changed and have found a way ) albeit terrible) to survive. Some of the homeless that I met have paying jobs, but the wages they receive are not conducive to providing shelter and other nec cessities. Most of these people are seen as unsuitable for employment due to their way of life. Many of these people commit minor crimes purposely to get sent to jail for the procurement of food and shelter, especially in extremely cold or hot weather. Many of the homeless do not have appropriate identification and cannot have access to social services such as food stamps, food pantries or even emergency shelters. (Shewmaker, H. Wajda, S.) The homeless are also at an increased risk of both violence and abuse. Homeless people suffer a vast amount of hate crimes from people who blame them for their circumstances that they are in, and group them as people to both fear and loathe. I spoke to a man named Carl, (last name withheld upon request) personal INTERVIEW 17, July, 2010. Carl is a 60 year old African American male who related his story to me of being hit in the face with an unopened can of Alpo. The can of dog food was thrown from the security of a car passing by, as he was standing at the entrance to a shopping center flying cardboard which said, I will work for food. Carl lost two teeth and received a busted lip from that incident, and was called a worthless bottom feeder, by the occupants of the car as it sped away. Carl still has the scar and the missing teeth to verify his story. Panhandling is just one of many identifiable targets for hate among the homeless culture of people. (Wachtolz, Sandra) Candy, ( last name withheld upon request) is a 16 year old Asian/ American, who has been living on the streets of Dallas for two years. She was abused by her stepfather at home until she couldnt take it anymore. She freely admitted to selling sex as a means of survival. Sitting inside a make shift, card board box shelter, Candy still has hopes and dreams of becoming a veterinarian someday Arlene, (last name withheld upon request) Personal INTERVIEW 18, July 2010 is a 35 year old Caucasian female. Arlene is another victim of abuse, (in her case) at the hands of an abusive alcoholic husband. With no where to go, no education, no job and no income she became a street person nine years ago. Arlene related to me that on the streets was the safest place she had ever been. Having been abused as a child, she continued to be abused as a young wife. She shamefully admitted to aborting herself with a knitting needle, shortly after becoming homeless. She stated that she almost died from the self inflicted abortion, but she was glad that she didnt bring an innocent life into this mess. Ernest, (last name withheld upon request) Personal INTERVIEW 18,July 2010 is a 60 year old African American male. Ernest is a self confessed abuser of both drugs and alcohol. He told me that he has been homeless for 20 years. He gathers aluminum cans, stuff from dumpsters and etc. to sell to secure money for drugs and alcohol. He stated that he ate when he thought about it and hits the soup kitchen when he gets the notion to eat. He further stated, I will die out here, and theres no one who cares. Ernest lost his wife in a tragic automobile accident. Through the years he has somehow managed to keep a photo of her. He related that he began to drink to ease the pain of losing his wife, lost his job, his home, and even his automobile. Ernest stated, I lost it all, and here I am. I have no where to go and no way to get there if I did. His parting words to me were words of encouragement. Ernest told me, Keep up the good work kid, dont ever find yourself in a mess like this. In my weekend field observations I noticed four people whom I considered mentally ill to a degree that I did not feel comfortable approaching. These people bothered no one, basically stayed to themselves and seemed quite happy to be in solitude. As far as I could determine, these people did not appear to pose a threat to the safety of the general public. I noted that many of the mentally disturbed homeless people were actually veterans of our country who had fought in previous and also present wars. U.S. homeless veterans are growing at an astounding rate today. Many suffer PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder), the effects of Agent Orange, ( a defoliant used in Vietnam) and etc. An excess of 200,000 U.S. veterans are homeless nationwide and have absolutely no place to go. ( dallas.fed) This pains me greatly as these veterans put their lives on the line to preserve our freedom. The last two interviews that I conducted included a homeless U.S. veteran. Harold (last name withheld upon request) is a 59 year old Caucasian male, who is a veteran of the Vietnam war era. Harold related to me that he had been homeless for 35 years and that he returned home from the war suffering from the effects of Agent Orange. At that time the U.S. government refused to acknowledge that Agent Orange was indeed a causative factor in many of the illnesses that the soldiers arriving home were suffering with. Harold couldnt keep a job because of excessive absenteeism, and any sudden noise would send him running in any direction available, as hard as he could run. The U.S. government refused to give Harold service connected disability and likewise the Social Security Administration denied him also. Harold further stated that if you cant pay your rent, you get evicted, that thats how I wound up out here on the street.Eventually, the government did recognize that Agent Orange was a dir ect cause of Harolds illness. He gets a very small SSI check and an even smaller Veterans disability check. After combining both of these meager allotments Harold said Rent is so damn high, I cant afford it. In fact, everything is too damn high. At least, out here, I can afford my medications, seasonal clothing and eat pretty good at least for a little while every month. Harold also helps out when he can with diapers and other necessities for the little ones in his area. These are the ones I feel sorry for, I have no kids of my own, so these are all my kids, Harold stated with tears in his eyes. I then interviewed an elderly female, Dora (name withheld upon request),aged 89, an African American female, personal INTERVIEW, 25, July 2010. I observed her pushing a shopping cart, loaded down with old rags, bottles, cans, a few old apples and etc. I surmised that this is what one would probably recognize as a bag lady. Dora was of a cheerful nature and told me that she had been on the streets for 40 years. Dora stated, My husband Sam died out here, the city hauled him off. Dora doesnt even know what became of Sam and stated that she would like to be able to visit his grave, that is if he has one. She believes that he was probably cremated. Dora stated, They burned him up like garbage, thats what they think we areà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..garbage.Dora related to me that she and her husband Sam wound up homeless and on the streets due to Sams lengthy illness (diabetes) and his resultant kidney transplant. Financially, they were wiped out and the cost of the anti rejection drugs for his new kidney was astronomical. Dora further related that she and her husband did what they had to do, in order to live. Laughing aloud, Dora stated, I dont know why I got these apples. Somebody stole my dentures. Guess they needed them more than I do. Maybe, I can trade them for something I can chew. I watched Dora as she slowly ambled down the street, pushing her cart, and I couldnt help it, tears came into my eyes. I wondered why God would allow innocent children, old ladies like Dora, and etc. to suffer a life such as they do. Then a Bible verse came to my mind. I will lead the blind by a road they do not know, by paths they have not known. I will guide them, I will turn the darkness into light, the rough places into level ground. These things I will do, I will not forsake them. ( Isaiah: 42:16). The majority of the homeless culture that I encountered seemed very appreciative of the flyers that I passed out among them. Many did not know that these services were available to them at no cost. I can only hope that I have given someone an outlet to perhaps see a doctor or dentist, get an extra meal, or a much needed medication. Most of these people are good people that got down on their luck with no other resources available to them. In conclusion I have learned that the majority of the homeless are so, due to the downward spiral of the economy, mental illness, or lack of affordable housing. I also found that there is no great difference between the number of homeless people from one race to another. This field observation has resulted in my attaining a broader perspective of the plight of the homeless. My only hope is that a day will come soon, when all the homeless in America will be off the streets and safe and secure in a comfortable habitation.

Mans Search for Meaning by Viktor E. Frankl :: Papers

Man's Search for Meaning by Viktor E. Frankl "On the average, only those prisoners could keep alive who, after years of trekking from camp to camp, had lost all scruples in their fight for existence; they were prepared to use every means, honest and otherwise, even brutal force, theft, and betrayal of their friends, in order to save themselves. We who have come back, by the aid of many lucky chances or miracles - whatever one may choose to call them - we know: the best of us did not return." (p. 7) The Three Phases of the Inmate's Mental Reactions to Camp Life: a) the period following his admission Symptom = shock "Delusion of reprieve": "The condemned man, immediately before his execution, gets the illusion that he might be reprieved at the very last moment. We, too, clung to the shreds of hope and believed to the last moment that it would not be so bad." (p. 14) 1) a grim sense of humor 2) cold curiosity 3) thoughts of suicide "An abnormal reaction to an abnormal situation is normal behavior." (p. 30) b) The period when he is well entrenched in camp routine a) Relative apathy, a kind of emotional death "Disgust, horror and pity" were "emotions" one could "not really feel anymore. The sufferers, the dying and the dead, became such commonplace sights to him after a few weeks of camp life that they could not move him anymore." (p. 33) "...the prisoner soon surrounded himself with a very necessary protective shell." (p. 35). b) Extreme hunger from undernourishment & preoccupation with food c) Absence of sexual urge d) "Cultural hibernation," with the two exceptions: politics and religion "In spite of all the enforced physical and mental primitiveness of life in a concentration camp, it was possible for spiritual life to deepen. Sensitive people who were used to a rich intellectual life may have suffered much pain (they were often of a delicate constitution), but the damage to their inner selves was less. They were able to retreat from their terrible surroundings to a life of inner riches and spiritual freedom." (p. 56). On love while thinking on his wife while marching: "...for the first time in my life I saw the truth as it is set into song by so many poets, proclaimed as the final wisdom by so many thinkers. The truth - that love is the ultimate and the

Pygmalion and Pretty Woman Essay

The relationship between the texts you have studied and their respective cultural context is significant because it provides insight into the way values have been maintained and changed. Discuss with reference to the text from the past and it’s appropriation. The intended audience of both Pygmalion, by George Bernard Shaw and Pretty Woman, directed by Garry Marshall was the mass of society at the time of composition. This is seen through the choice of the form of each text, Pygmalion is a play because in the early twentieth centaury this was the popular way of spreading ideas and Pretty Woman is a Hollywood film, a current form of mass media today. Because both texts were aimed at the majority of society they each must represent the views of their cultural context to be popular, which both texts proved to be. As both texts reflect the cultural views of the context they were composed in, a comparison of the two provides a significant insight into the way specific values have been maintained and changed over time. One of the main values explored in both texts is what each society believes to be the ‘perfect’ woman. By comparing the way these women in both texts are presented, we are given an insight into the changing status of women over time. In English society in the early 1900’s women were seen as inferior to men and were often stereotyped in the sense of the clothes they wore, how they spoke and how they presented themselves, rather than their personality. Women’s inferiority is seen in Higgins and Eliza’s unequal relationship, Higgins is clearly presented as the master and owner of Eliza as he ‘buys’ her from her father and treats her as a â€Å"live doll†. Eliza is almost objectified by Higgins, representing the sexism present in the 1900s. She is seen as the ‘perfect woman’ by society only when she has been transformed to a dignified, well spoken, beautiful lady of high society. This is seen through the differing reactions to Eliza by the Eynsford Hill family when she is a flower girl, compared to when she is a ‘duchess’ . The position of women in society has changed a great deal over the last  centaury and the contemporary post-feminist society is believed to provide and equal playing field for all. Women and men are seen as equals socially as well as by law and in the workforce. This is seen in the portrayal as Vivian as the heroine in the film who, although she is still beautiful, is individual, independent and has a certain instinctive intelligence, she is seen as ideal for these personal qualities. Another view explored in both texts is the complicated system of hierarchal social classes and bridging the gap or breaking the barrier between these classes. Late nineteenth – early twentieth centaury English society had a rigid class system with the idea of upper, middle and lower classes that were based upon birthright. At the time Pygmalion was composed however, the system had begun to change as the growing middle class was beginning to rise up through the social hierarchy due to wealth. This is portrayed in the play when Mr. Doolittle becomes rich and rises the ladder into â€Å"middle class morality†. Shaw is deeply satirical of these social classes as is seen in how Eliza can easily rise herself to upper class and her statement to Higgins at the end of the play of â€Å"I had only to lift my finger to be as good as you† clearly makes his view clear that the social barriers are superficial. Pretty Woman was written in the late 1980’s, a decade known as the â€Å"greed is good† decade were social class was based solely upon wealth, apart from in the global community were both ethnicity and wealth both play a role. Social hierarchy is more flexible as any one can rise to what is seen as higher society through the gaining of money, not through the class they were born into. Prejudice between the classes is seen when the shop assistants refuse to serve Vivian on Rodeo drive. However as the movie is aimed at the â€Å"all day average American† one typically of the middle class, mistreatment of wealth or greed is seen as a bad thing. Seen in the portrayal of Edwards work partner Stukie who because of his attempts to increase the size of his company and his unfaithfulness to his wife is seen as superficial and by  Edwards’s sad comment to Vivian: â€Å"we both screw people for money†. The audience instead sympathises with Vivian, who all though is of low class is still seen as the favoured character because of her personality. This demonstrates the modern disregard for social class, which is a value that has changed over the past one hundred years. The major observation that can be made of both texts and which demonstrates changing values over time is in the conclusion of each story. Shaw was determined to give Pygmalion an anti-romantic ending, meaning the play did not conclude as a romantic comedy should, with the main female and male characters falling in love. His reasoning is that Eliza has achieved independence and no longer wishes to be seen as Higgins belonging, as well as that â€Å"his relation to her is too godlike to be altogether agreeable†. This reflects not only Shaw’s strongly feministic views but the need for more equal gender relationships at the time and the publics preferred choice of a more believable conclusion over a romantic one. Popular thinking at the time believed that people married within their class and Higgins’s dismissal of love as a â€Å"life of the gutter† demolishes any dream-like romantic world. The conclusion of Pretty Woman was specifically designed to suit the mass market romantic comedy genre and to appeal to today’s romance obsessed society. The conclusion of Vivian and Edward falling in love and meeting symbolically half way in the fire escape is a typically â€Å"Hollywood† ending and highly unrealistic. To make the movie popular with a wide audience Marshall has created a fairytale ending when Vivian is â€Å"rescued by her prince† as she has always dreamed of. This constitutes the happy ending of a typical romantic comedy and reflects how today’s media has moulded society into having idealistic romantic perceptions. Both texts were popular culture of their time and thus reflect the common ideals and values of the context in which they were created. By studying the relationships between each text and their cultural context we can compare both texts to reveal the way certain views, in this case romanticism, the role of women and social classes, have changed over time.

My Favorite Actor Tom Hanks

My Favorite Actor I never thought about that actor I liked but after analyzing it I think the actor that I like and that caught my attention since I was young is Tom Hanks because he was a collogue student that seemed to have no future in acting and he was not very good on his classes in theater, I leaned that he was born in Concord California his childhood was like a normal kid with, divorced parents his father was descendant of British and his mom Portuguese descent.Hanks was a very shy boy, so the theater classes in high school were as a refuge since he was not popular in school. Interestingly later he continued in theater while studying in California Chabot College. He had no acting experience in college and, in fact, credits the fact that he couldn't get cast in a college play with actually starting his career. He went downtown, auditioned for a community theater play, was invited by the director of that play to go to Cleveland, and there his acting career started.His first TV s how â€Å"Bosom Buddies† (1980) where he meet his second wife the actrees Rita Wilson. I still remember when I went to the cinema to see this film â€Å"Splash† seemed formidable. I still remember the beautiful mermaid, in those years I found it in credible. I also want to mention that seemed to me something like that with the hit movie â€Å"Big,† â€Å"Joe Versus the Volcano† or â€Å"Bachelor Party† (these last two do not remember very well but they were commented in the 80's)Tom Hanks was typecast in the roll of movies comic actor or light and family, no one thought that was going to perform as well in a role as â€Å"Philladelphia† in the role of a gay man dying of AIDS is very well played, was really very believable the character that Tom Hanks in this role that I play in Philladelphia, again showed his acting discipline to lose weight for characterization, to show a man really damaged by this terrible disease.Another famous movie .. w here he showed his great talent as an actor was â€Å"Forrest Gump† Fascinate how developing the role of a man with some level of mental retardation, the posture, the faces, the accent. Simply stunning. I also learned that after filming â€Å"The Green Mille† filmed the first part of the movie â€Å"Cast Away† then began a strict diet after which lost more than 30 pounds of weight, grew a beard and began a process of tanning to continue filming.This information seemed important to emphasize that not only is the dress up for memorizing dialogues and act but also how hard it to be the be on diets either to lower or raise a character to represent adequately. Certainly caught my attention in this movie than most of it we see only one man talking to a volley ball (Wilson is unforgettable) Almost the entire sequence of the island, no background music you hear only the sound of the sea. The island is totally inhospitable boring and lonely.Hanks is capable of a performa nce in which not need anything more than himself hallucinating talking to Wilson. To maintain the film in a high level. of a meticulous man . The viewer really believe when he is afraid and the things he does with his character of a meticulous man, when he goes crazy for the toothache, when sick of being alone, when he has the look of a hermit and hardened man, when mourning the loss a human symbol†¦ In my view his work was very well done. My Favorite Actor Tom Hanks My Favorite Actor I never thought about that actor I liked but after analyzing it I think the actor that I like and that caught my attention since I was young is Tom Hanks because he was a collogue student that seemed to have no future in acting and he was not very good on his classes in theater, I leaned that he was born in Concord California his childhood was like a normal kid with, divorced parents his father was descendant of British and his mom Portuguese descent.Hanks was a very shy boy, so the theater classes in high school were as a refuge since he was not popular in school. Interestingly later he continued in theater while studying in California Chabot College. He had no acting experience in college and, in fact, credits the fact that he couldn't get cast in a college play with actually starting his career. He went downtown, auditioned for a community theater play, was invited by the director of that play to go to Cleveland, and there his acting career started.His first TV s how â€Å"Bosom Buddies† (1980) where he meet his second wife the actrees Rita Wilson. I still remember when I went to the cinema to see this film â€Å"Splash† seemed formidable. I still remember the beautiful mermaid, in those years I found it in credible. I also want to mention that seemed to me something like that with the hit movie â€Å"Big,† â€Å"Joe Versus the Volcano† or â€Å"Bachelor Party† (these last two do not remember very well but they were commented in the 80's)Tom Hanks was typecast in the roll of movies comic actor or light and family, no one thought that was going to perform as well in a role as â€Å"Philladelphia† in the role of a gay man dying of AIDS is very well played, was really very believable the character that Tom Hanks in this role that I play in Philladelphia, again showed his acting discipline to lose weight for characterization, to show a man really damaged by this terrible disease.Another famous movie .. w here he showed his great talent as an actor was â€Å"Forrest Gump† Fascinate how developing the role of a man with some level of mental retardation, the posture, the faces, the accent. Simply stunning. I also learned that after filming â€Å"The Green Mille† filmed the first part of the movie â€Å"Cast Away† then began a strict diet after which lost more than 30 pounds of weight, grew a beard and began a process of tanning to continue filming.This information seemed important to emphasize that not only is the dress up for memorizing dialogues and act but also how hard it to be the be on diets either to lower or raise a character to represent adequately. Certainly caught my attention in this movie than most of it we see only one man talking to a volley ball (Wilson is unforgettable) Almost the entire sequence of the island, no background music you hear only the sound of the sea. The island is totally inhospitable boring and lonely.Hanks is capable of a performa nce in which not need anything more than himself hallucinating talking to Wilson. To maintain the film in a high level. of a meticulous man . The viewer really believe when he is afraid and the things he does with his character of a meticulous man, when he goes crazy for the toothache, when sick of being alone, when he has the look of a hermit and hardened man, when mourning the loss a human symbol†¦ In my view his work was very well done.

Asprin essays

Asprin essays The discovery of aspirin dates back to the 5th century B.C., when Hippocrates used a powder from the bark of a willow tree to ease minor pains, reduce fevers and to help with childbirth. The willow tree powder was actually salicin, the pharmacological ancestor to the family of drugs known as salicylates. The best known of which is aspirin. Later efforts where made to neutralize salicin with sodium, but unfortunately turned out to be useless. In 1853 a French chemist named Charles Fredric Gerhardt tried to improve sodium salicylate in 1853. He combined it with acetyl chloride, which proved to be less irritating to the stomach. After a few years of hard work, Gerhardt didnt see any future with this concoction and soon abandoned it. In 1899 a German chemist, Felix Hoffmann set out to find a formulation to relieve his fathers arthritis pain. Hoffman used Gerhardts research to synthesize acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), a compound that appeared to lower fever, reduce pain and at high doses relieved arthritis. Hoffmann, who worked for Bayer, took his research to his superiors. They, however, doubted the commercial success of ASA. This was because ASA commonly caused shortness of breath and very high heart rates when taken in large doses. Fredrick Bayer in is the common drug ending of that time. When Bayer marketed the drug in 1897, they had no idea that it would turn out to be the most commonly used pain reliever in history. Aspirin works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are hormone-like substances that influence the elasticity of blood vessels, control urine contractions, and the direct functioning of blood platelets. Blood platelets cause blood clots and regulate numerous body functions. John Vane, Ph....

Law in relation to Data Protection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law in relation to Data Protection - Essay Example In the present set-up of the society, a lot of people's data are misused by others for money laundering, loans, misrepresentations and other similar occurrences which sometimes creates unfavorable scenario those who owns such data. In doing such, the people who handle data must realize that they are the ones who are being trusted to keep such variables and their primary concern is to keep those as confidential as possible. The case of Creative is no different from the aforementioned premise as they deal with numerous data from the people who in one way or the other factors for them to generate income. In this case, they must bear in mind that they should be responsible in storing and keeping such entries. Also, the awareness of Creative that they are accountable to the law should there be cases of leakage and mishandlings of data. In dealing with similar occurrences, the example of Creative computers suggests that this company has the freehand of access of data from both the buyers and sellers of the computers. Upon reviewing their process of data, one might say that Creative Computers is organized in sorting the information of data from the buyer and seller which is a practical way of referencing. In this case, the data would help Creative computers track transactions that entered the company and therefore it is very crucial to have these kinds of data. Also, several factors including the profile of the person who sells the computer unit is a vital data for Creative Computers as this kind of practice assures them that the quality and the origin of the computer units to be sold. It is a common thought that computers do not have serial numbers and they are not subject for registration like vehicles in which in case of loss and similar instances could be traced down because of its plate numbers. The move of creative company to obtain details from the two parties would also help them locate the sellers if in case there are problems that would arise-instances such as warranty concerns, theft and other related phenomenon are of big help in resolving these kinds of problems. The sorting out of data is indeed a good step for the sake of classification which would prevent confusion in the future should there be changes in the company or with these two parties. However, in handling these data, there are a lot of queries that are in need of answers. There are things that are needed to be clarified in order to ensure that the data that are being obtained are kept within the prescribed bounds of law. On the second thought, Creative Computers must be aware that there would come a time that problems might arise with regards to handling of data. There are scenarios that might confuse Creative Computers with regards to handling of Data. For example, a certain customer who bought the computer from the seller wishes to obtain the information from the seller as police authorities accused the latter as involved in fencing as it was known to them that the computer set was stolen. The problem is, does creative computers owns the right of divulging the information to the buyer Another scenario would be there is a mistake committed by the seller as he sold the other item rather than the intended one. To be able to obtain the computer set

Critically evaluate the view that, the global regulatory environment Essay

Critically evaluate the view that, the global regulatory environment and governance plays an important role on both the location and impact of Multinational enterprises - Essay Example Social economics puts emphasis on the dichotomous characteristic of the MNE, elaborated in the expression ‘making goods versus making money’ (Mcclintock 1999, 507) to examine the ways wherein clashes between these objectives may bring about social injustice. Usually this social disorder arouses collective action to remedy the inequality or discrimination, effectively mitigating the social harm of the MNE’s operations (Jones 2005). In this essay the role of global regulatory environment and governance on the location and impact of multinational enterprises is outlined. MNEs’ international investment and production is far-reaching. In 1997, roughly 53,000 MNEs and their foreign partners had an amassed direct foreign investment stock assessed at more than $3 trillion whilst the foreign partners’ international sales drew near to an approximated $9 trillion (Mcclintock 1999, 507). Global production has increased at a more rapid pace than global trade as suggested by sales of the foreign partners of MNEs increasing more rapidly than actual DFI investment and world exports as a share of international GDP surpassing increase in the proportion of imports and exports to GDP (Luo 2005). This globalisation of production has expanded the shared interdependence of regional and national markets. Due to the fact that transaction outlays may remain elevated in global exchange due to the incapability of attempts between private groups, such as corporate codes of conduct, or the government to achieve a ‘greater success’ in the interest of the general public, trials in supranational arbitration of conflicts have heightened (Kim, Prescott & Kim 2005). Two primary rationales for the growth of this governance are the integrative and technological necessities of contemporary life. The global technology transfer creates the demand for regulation and standardisation